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.. _tutorial_constraint_names: The Importance of Naming Constraints ==================================== An important topic worth mentioning is that of constraint naming conventions. As we've proceeded here, we've talked about adding tables and columns, and we've also hinted at lots of other operations listed in :ref:`ops` such as those which support adding or dropping constraints like foreign keys and unique constraints. The way these constraints are referred to in migration scripts is by name, however these names by default are in most cases generated by the relational database in use, when the constraint is created. For example, if you emitted two CREATE TABLE statements like this on Postgresql:: test=> CREATE TABLE user_account (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY); CREATE TABLE test=> CREATE TABLE user_order ( test(> id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, test(> user_account_id INTEGER REFERENCES user_account(id)); CREATE TABLE Suppose we wanted to DROP the REFERENCES that we just applied to the ``user_order.user_account_id`` column, how do we do that? At the prompt, we'd use ``ALTER TABLE <tablename> DROP CONSTRAINT <constraint_name>``, or if using Alembic we'd be using :meth:`.Operations.drop_constraint`. But both of those functions need a name - what's the name of this constraint? It does have a name, which in this case we can figure out by looking at the Postgresql catalog tables:: test=> SELECT r.conname FROM test-> pg_catalog.pg_class c JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace test-> JOIN pg_catalog.pg_constraint r ON c.oid = r.conrelid test-> WHERE c.relname='user_order' AND r.contype = 'f' test-> ; conname --------------------------------- user_order_user_account_id_fkey (1 row) The name above is not something that Alembic or SQLAlchemy created; ``user_order_user_account_id_fkey`` is a naming scheme used internally by Postgresql to name constraints that are otherwise not named. This scheme doesn't seem so complicated, and we might want to just use our knowledge of it so that we know what name to use for our :meth:`.Operations.drop_constraint` call. But is that a good idea? What if for example we needed our code to run on Oracle as well. OK, certainly Oracle uses this same scheme, right? Or if not, something similar. Let's check:: Oracle Database 10g Express Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production SQL> CREATE TABLE user_account (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY); Table created. SQL> CREATE TABLE user_order ( 2 id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, 3 user_account_id INTEGER REFERENCES user_account(id)); Table created. SQL> SELECT constraint_name FROM all_constraints WHERE 2 table_name='USER_ORDER' AND constraint_type in ('R'); CONSTRAINT_NAME ----------------------------------------------------- SYS_C0029334 Oh, we can see that is.....much worse. Oracle's names are entirely unpredictable alphanumeric codes, and this will make being able to write migrations quite tedious, as we'd need to look up all these names. The solution to having to look up names is to make your own names. This is an easy, though tedious thing to do manually. For example, to create our model in SQLAlchemy ensuring we use names for foreign key constraints would look like:: from sqlalchemy import MetaData, Table, Column, Integer, ForeignKey meta = MetaData() user_account = Table('user_account', meta, Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True) ) user_order = Table('user_order', meta, Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True), Column('user_order_id', Integer, ForeignKey('user_account.id', name='fk_user_order_id')) ) Simple enough, though this has some disadvantages. The first is that it's tedious; we need to remember to use a name for every :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.ForeignKey` object, not to mention every :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.UniqueConstraint`, :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.CheckConstraint`, :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Index`, and maybe even :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.PrimaryKeyConstraint` as well if we wish to be able to alter those too, and beyond all that, all the names have to be globally unique. Even with all that effort, if we have a naming scheme in mind, it's easy to get it wrong when doing it manually each time. What's worse is that manually naming constraints (and indexes) gets even more tedious in that we can no longer use convenience features such as the ``.unique=True`` or ``.index=True`` flag on :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Column`:: user_account = Table('user_account', meta, Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True), Column('name', String(50), unique=True) ) Above, the ``unique=True`` flag creates a :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.UniqueConstraint`, but again, it's not named. If we want to name it, manually we have to forego the usage of ``unique=True`` and type out the whole constraint:: user_account = Table('user_account', meta, Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True), Column('name', String(50)), UniqueConstraint('name', name='uq_user_account_name') ) There's a solution to all this naming work, which is to use an **automated naming convention**. For some years, SQLAlchemy has encourgaged the use of DDL Events in order to create naming schemes. The :meth:`~sqlalchemy.events.DDLEvents.after_parent_attach` event in particular is the best place to intercept when :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Constraint` and :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Index` objects are being associated with a parent :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Table` object, and to assign a ``.name`` to the constraint while making use of the name of the table and associated columns. But there is also a better way to go, which is to make use of a feature new in SQLAlchemy 0.9.2 which makes use of the events behind the scenes known as :paramref:`~sqlalchemy.schema.MetaData.naming_convention`. Here, we can create a new :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.MetaData` object while passing a dictionary referring to a naming scheme:: convention = { "ix": 'ix_%(column_0_label)s', "uq": "uq_%(table_name)s_%(column_0_name)s", "ck": "ck_%(table_name)s_%(constraint_name)s", "fk": "fk_%(table_name)s_%(column_0_name)s_%(referred_table_name)s", "pk": "pk_%(table_name)s" } metadata = MetaData(naming_convention=convention) If we define our models using a :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.MetaData` as above, the given naming convention dictionary will be used to provide names for all constraints and indexes. .. _autogen_naming_conventions: Integration of Naming Conventions into Operations, Autogenerate --------------------------------------------------------------- As of Alembic 0.6.4, the naming convention feature is integrated into the :class:`.Operations` object, so that the convention takes effect for any constraint that is otherwise unnamed. The naming convention is passed to :class:`.Operations` using the :paramref:`.MigrationsContext.configure.target_metadata` parameter in ``env.py``, which is normally configured when autogenerate is used:: # in your application's model: meta = MetaData(naming_convention={ "ix": 'ix_%(column_0_label)s', "uq": "uq_%(table_name)s_%(column_0_name)s", "ck": "ck_%(table_name)s_%(constraint_name)s", "fk": "fk_%(table_name)s_%(column_0_name)s_%(referred_table_name)s", "pk": "pk_%(table_name)s" }) # .. in your Alembic env.py: # add your model's MetaData object here # for 'autogenerate' support from myapp import mymodel target_metadata = mymodel.Base.metadata # ... def run_migrations_online(): # ... context.configure( connection=connection, target_metadata=target_metadata ) Above, when we render a directive like the following:: op.add_column('sometable', Column('q', Boolean(name='q_bool'))) The Boolean type will render a CHECK constraint with the name ``"ck_sometable_q_bool"``, assuming the backend in use does not support native boolean types. We can also use op directives with constraints and not give them a name at all, if the naming convention doesn't require one. The value of ``None`` will be converted into a name that follows the appopriate naming conventions:: def upgrade(): op.create_unique_constraint(None, 'some_table', 'x') When autogenerate renders constraints in a migration script, it renders them typically with their completed name. If using at least Alembic 0.6.4 as well as SQLAlchemy 0.9.4, these will be rendered with a special directive :meth:`.Operations.f` which denotes that the string has already been tokenized:: def upgrade(): op.create_unique_constraint(op.f('uq_const_x'), 'some_table', 'x') For more detail on the naming convention feature, see :ref:`sqla:constraint_naming_conventions`.